Bellum civile

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*Tormenta Ricketts Capta.* Tabula Primi Proelii Bull Run, unius ex primis proeliis in Bello Civile Americano pugnatis, a Sidney E. King (1906–2004), pictore pro National Park Service anno 1964 picta. Oleum in ligno plicato. Henry Hill Visitor Center apud Manassas National Battlefield Park in Virginia.

Bellum civile est bellum inter greges ordinatos intra singulam nationem-civitatem vel rempublicam,^[1] vel, minus saepe, inter binas civitates ex una natione-civitate olim integra creatas.^[2] Propositum unius lateris usitate est civitatem vel regionem in unam dicionem redigere, libertatem unius regionis adsequi, vel rationes reipublicae gerendae commutare.^[1] Vocabulum, quod in multis linguis hodiernis calque vocabuli Latini fit, primum ad varia bella civilia Reipublicae Romanae saeculo primo a.C.n.^[3] spectare adhibitum est.

Bellum civile est contentio magnarum virium, quae exercitum ordinarium implicare potest, saepe diu sustinetur et ordinatur, atque permultos homines tangit. Bella civilia permultas calamitates adferre et magnas opes consumere possunt.^[4]

Secundo bello mundano confecto, bella civilia aliquantulum plus quattuor annos duraverunt, contra annum et dimidium temporis a 1900 ad 1944. Exempli gratia, in primo saeculi vicesimi dimidio, eodem tempore non erant plus quam quinque bella civilia, sed bello frigido composito, plus quam viginti bella civilia fiebant ante maiorem deminutionem cum finirent certamina quae ex aemulatione nationum praepotentium orta erant. Post 1945, bella civilia plus quam 25 milliones hominum interfecerunt, cum migratione compulsa millionum additorum. Praeterea, bella civilia conlapsus effecerunt oeconomiarum: Birmania (Myanmar), Uganda, et Angola sunt exempla civitatum quibus, ut videbatur, erant futura felicia antequam earum bella civilia conflarentur.^[5]

Definitio

Iacobus Fearon, qui in Universitate Stanfordiensi bella civilia investigat, bellum civile definit "certamen violentum intra civitate a gregibus ordinatis pugnatum qui potestatam captam in medio vel in regione, vel propositis gubernationis mutatis, animo intendunt."^[1] Praeterea, Anna Hironaka dicit unam partem belli civilis necessarie esse civitatem.^[4] Academici de gravitate quo turbatio civilis fit bellum civile inter se contendunt. Nonnulli rerum politicarum periti bellum civile definiunt certamen cui sunt plus quam mille casuum,^[1] dum alii id definiunt certamen cui sunt plus quam centum.^[6] Correlata Belli (Anglice Correlates of War), copia datorum a certaminis eruditis late adhibita, bellis civilibus plus quam mille casus belli per annum certaminis tribuit. Hic modus est parva millionum Bello Civili Sudanico Altero et Bello Civili Cambodiano interfectorum pars, exempli gratia, sed haec definitio nonnulla certamina celeberrima excludit, inter quae Incommoda (The Troubles) Hiberniae Septentrionalis et certamen Congressus Nationalis Africani in Africa Australi tempore separationis.^[4]

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 James Fearon, "Iraq's Civil War" in Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007. Pro addita de classificatione bellorum civilium, vide sectionem "Definitionem".
↑ Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War | Book Reviews, EH.net. "Two nations [within the U.S.] developed because of slavery." October 2006. Accessum Iulio 2009.
↑ Praecipue bella civilia Romana inter C. Iulium Caesarem et Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum, et iterum inter Octavianum et Antonium, quae annis 49–31 a.C.n. pugnata sunt. Vide etiam bellum sociale, Marium, et Sullam.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Ann Hironaka, Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War (Cantabrigiae: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 3, ISBN 0674015320.
↑ Hironaka (2005), 1-2, 4-5.
↑ Edward Wong, "A Matter of Definition: What Makes a Civil War, and Who Declares It So?" New York Times, 26 Novembris 2006.

Bibliographia

Ali, Taisier Mohamed Ahmed, et Robert O. Matthews, eds. 1999. Civil Wars in Africa: roots and resolution,
Berdal, Mats, et David M. Malone. 2000. Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars Lynne Rienner.
Collier, Paul. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Vasingtoniae: World Bank
Collier, Paul; Sambanis, Nicholas, eds. (2005). Understanding Civil War:Evidence and Analysis. 1: Africa. Vasingtoniae: The World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7
Collier, Paul; Sambanis, Nicholas, eds. (2005). Understanding Civil War:Evidence and Analysis. 2: Europe, Central Asia, and Other Regions. Washington, DC: The World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-6049-1
Demélas-Bohy, Marie-Danielle. 1997. La notion de guerre civile en question. Clio 5. Commentarius apud clio.revues.org.
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2001. "New" and "Old" Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction? World Politics 54(1):99-118.
Kolb, Robert. 2001. Le droit international public et le concept de guerre civile depuis 1945. Relations internationales 105 (ver): 9–29. PDF.
Lake, David, et Donald Rothchild, eds. 1996. The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
Licklider, Roy. 1995. The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993. American Political Science Review 89(3):681–690.
Mack, Andrew. .2002. Civil War: Academic Research and the Policy Community. Journal of Peace Research 39(5):515–525.
Mason, David T., et Patrick Fett. 1996. How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40(4):546-568.
Regan, Patrick M. 2000. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict.
John, Stephen, et al., eds. 2002. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements.
Toft, Monica Duffy. 2003. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12383-7.
Walter, Barbara F. 2002. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2003. Civil Wars: What We Don't Know. Global Governance 9:247ff.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Bella civilia spectant.

"Royal Air Force Doctrine - The Nature of War and Armed Conflict," apud www.raf.mod.uk
"What makes a civil war?" apud news.bbc.co.uk, 20 Aprilis 2006
FAQ du Droit international humanitaire sur le Situs CICR, Genavensibus Belli Conventionibus^? dicatus

David's face

Haec stipula ad historiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!

[fearon-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 James Fearon, "Iraq's Civil War" in Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007. Pro addita de classificatione bellorum civilium, vide sectionem "Definitionem".

[EH-2] Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War | Book Reviews, EH.net. "Two nations [within the U.S.] developed because of slavery." October 2006. Accessum Iulio 2009.

[3] Praecipue bella civilia Romana inter C. Iulium Caesarem et Gnaeum Pompeium Magnum, et iterum inter Octavianum et Antonium, quae annis 49–31 a.C.n. pugnata sunt. Vide etiam bellum sociale, Marium, et Sullam.

[hironaka3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Ann Hironaka, Neverending Wars: The International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War (Cantabrigiae: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 3, ISBN 0674015320.

[5] Hironaka (2005), 1-2, 4-5.

[6] Edward Wong, "A Matter of Definition: What Makes a Civil War, and Who Declares It So?" New York Times, 26 Novembris 2006.

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