Cyrus II (rex Persarum)

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Cyrus.

Cyrus II sive Cyrus Magnus^[1] (Graece Κῦρος, lingua Persica antiqua 𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš;^[2] natus circa annum 600 a.C.n., mortuus anno 530 a.C.n.^[3]) fuit conditor Imperii Achaemenidarum.^[4] Sub eius dominatione, imperium omnes civilizatas antiqui orientis medii civitates comprehendit,^[4] magnopere expandit, et ad extremum plurimum Asiae Meridio-Occidentalis et multum Asiae Mediae Caucasique vicit. A Mari Mediterraneo et Hellesponto in occidente ad Indum in oriente, Cyrus maximum orbis terrarum imperium usque id tempus creavit.^[5] Sui tituli regales pleni fuerunt Magnus Rex, Rex Persis, Rex Anshan, Rex Mediae, Rex Babylonis, Rex Sumer et Akkad, Rex Quattuor Angulorum Mundi. Enuntiavit praeterea in Cylindro, inter 539 et 530 a.C.n. iusso, rem quam nonnulli habent unam ex primis in historia gravibus iurum humanorum declarationibus, sed haec interpretatio ab aliis in controversiam vocatum est.

Regnum Cyri inter 29 et 31 annos duravit. Ille imperium confecit primum per Imperium Mediae, tum Imperium Lydium, et deinde Imperium Neobabylonicum devictum. Aut paulo ante aut paulo post Babylon superatum, expeditionem in Asiam Mediam duxit, quae maiora efficit proelia quae, ut apud Herodotum historicum Graecum legimus, "in servitutem quamque civitatem, omnes ad unum," redegerunt.^[6] Cyrus se in Aegyptum numquam contulit, quia in proelio cecidit, Massagetas secundum Iaxartem Decembri 530 a.C.n. pugnans.^[7]^[8] Ei successit Cambyses II filius, qui imperium per regnum breve amplificavit, Aegyptum, Nubiam, Cyrenaicam vicissim devicens.

Cyrus religiones aliosque mores populorum qui vicerat magni aestimavit.^[10] Quod factum est felix administrationis ad unum delatae exemplar, rectionem constituens quae subiectis civibusque prodesset.^[4] Administratio imperii per satrapes et principium rectionis Pasargadis constitutae erant opera ipsius Cyri.^[11] Quod aliquando Edictum Restaurationis (revera duo edicta) appellatur, et in Bibliis Sacris Cyro tribuitur, religionem Iudaicam magnopere movit. Apud librum Isaiae 45:1 in Biblia Hebraica^[12] legitur Deum Iudaicum hoc opus Cyro mandavisse, quem etiam messias appella. Cyrus est solus vir in his textibus sic descriptus.^[13]

Notae

↑ Xenophon, Anabasis I. IX; vide etiam M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II," in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
↑ (Bachenheimer 2018, p. 188)
↑ (Dandamaev 1989, p. 71)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty).
↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). "13". The Ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC. Routledge. p. 647. ISBN 0-415-16762-0 .
↑ "Into subjection every nation without exception," Cambridge Ancient History IV, capitulo 3c, p. 170.
↑ Christopher Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), 63.
↑ Vide R. A. Parker et W. H. Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 75 (1971).
↑ Max Mallowan pp. 392 et 417.
↑ Dandamayev Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) religiosae Cyri rationes.
↑ The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, p. 42. Vide etiam G. Buchaman Gray, "The foundation and extension of the Persian empire," caput I in The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, ed. secunda (Cantabrigiae: The University Press, 1927), p. 15: "The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus."
↑ Jona Lendering (2012). "Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus". livius.org .
↑ The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 Augusti 2015). "Cyrus the Messiah". bib-arch.org .

Bibliographia

Fontes antiqui

Fontes Babylonii

Annales Nabonidi ex Annalibus Babylonianis
Narratio Nabonidi in versibus
Prex Nabonidi
Cylindrus Cyri

Fontes Graeci

Herodotus, Historiae I.75-214.
Ctesias, Persica

Fontes Hebraei

Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, Neemiah (libri biblici)

Miscellanea

Flavius Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae
Thucydides, Historia Belli Peloponnesii
Plato, Leges
Xenophon, Cyropaedia
Quintus Curtius Rufus, Library of World History
Plutarchus, Vitae
Fragmenta Nicolai Damasceni
Arrianus, Anabasis Alexandri
Polyaenus, Stratagemata in Bello
Iustinus, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
Polybius, Historiae
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica
Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae
Strabo, Historia
Quran, Dhul-Qarnayn, Al-Kahf

Fontes recentiores

Bachenheimer, Avi (2018). Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance. Wiley and Sons. pp. 1–799
Ball, Charles James. 1899. Light from the East: Or the witness of the monuments. Londinii: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
Boardman, John. 1994. The Cambridge Ancient History IV: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525-479 B.C. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22804-2.
Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (1987). Rituals of royalty : power and ceremonial in traditional societies (1. publ. ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33513-2
Cardascia, G (1988). Babylon under Achaemenids. 3. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4 .
Chavalas, Mark W., ed. (2007). The ancient Near East : historical sources in translation. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23580-9 .
Church, Alfred J. 1881. Stories of the East From Herodotus. Londinii: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday.
Dandamaev, M. A. 1989. A political history of the Achaemenid empire.[ Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09172-6
Freeman, Charles. 1999. The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World. Novi Eboraci: Viking. ISBN 0-7139-9224-7.
Fried, Lisbeth S. (2002). "Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1". Harvard Theological Review 95 (4) .
Frye, Richard N. 1962. The Heritage of Persia. Londinii: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 1-56859-008-3.
Gershevitch, Ilya (1985). The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2 ; The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20091-1 .
Moorey, P. R. S. 1991. The Biblical Lands, 6. Novi Eboraci: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN 0-87226-247-2.
Olmstead, A. T. 1948. History of the Persian Empire [Achaemenid Period]. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-62777-2.
Palou, Christine, et Jean Palou. 1962. La Perse Antique. Lutetiae: Presses Universitaires de France.
Schmitt, Rüdiger (1983). Achaemenid dynasty. vol. 3. Londinii: Routledge .
Schmitt, Rüdiger; Shahbazi, A. Shapur; Dandamayev, Muhammad A.; Zournatzi, Antigoni (1993). Cyrus. Vol. 6. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-939214-78-4
Schmitt, Rüdiger. 2010.l Cyrus I: The Name. Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Tait, Wakefield. 1846. The Presbyterian review and religious journal. Oxoniae: Oxford University. Google Books.

Fontes additi

Bickermann, Elias J. (September 1946). "The Edict of Cyrus in Ezra 1". JournaI of Biblical Literature 65 (3): 249–275 .
Dougherty, Raymond Philip (1929). Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Portu Novo: Yale University Press .
Drews, Robert (October 1974). "Sargon, Cyrus, and Mesopotamian Folk History". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 33 (4): 387–393
Harmatta, J. (1971). "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Grea". Acta Antiquo 19: 3–15 .
Kuhrt, Amelie. 2007. Ancient Near Eastern History: The Case of Cyrus the Great of Persia. In Understanding the History of Ancient Israel, ed. Hugh Godfrey Maturin Williamson. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press, 107–128. ISBN 978-0-19-726401-0.
Lawrence, John M. (1985). "Cyrus: Messiah, Politician, and General". Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin. n.s. 25: 5–28 .
Lawrence, John M. (1982). "Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Attitudes Towards Foreigners and Their Religion". Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin. n.s. 19: 27–40 .
Mallowan, Max (1972). "Cyrus the Great (558-529 BC)". Iran 10: 1–17 .
Wiesehöfer, Josef (1996). Ancient Persia : from 550 BC to 650 AD. Azizeh Azodi, conv.. Londinii: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-999-0
Jovy, Alexander (2012). I am Cyrus: The story of the real Prince of Persia. Reading: Garnet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85964-281-8 .

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Cyrum spectant.

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Cyrus II (rex Persarum) spectant.

Vide Cyrus in Victionario.

Lexica biographica: Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana • Den store danske • Deutsche Biographie • Store norske leksikon • Большая российская энциклопедия •

Cylindrus Cyri, apud www.livius.org.
Cyrus Magnus, apud www.iranchamber.com (Iran Chamber Society).
Imago Panoramica: Sepulcrum Cyri Magni,^{[nexus deficit]} apud gravity.ir.
Xenophon. Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus, ab Henrico Graham Dakyns conversa, et ab F. M. Stawell retractata, apud www.gutenberg.org (Propositum Gutenbergianum).

Antecessor: Astyages	Rex Persarum 550-529	Successor: Cambyses II

[1] Xenophon, Anabasis I. IX; vide etiam M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II," in Encyclopaedia Iranica.

[2] (Bachenheimer 2018, p. 188)

[3] (Dandamaev 1989, p. 71)

[schmitt-EI-i-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty).

[kuhrt647-5] Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). "13". The Ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC. Routledge. p. 647. ISBN 0-415-16762-0 .

[6] "Into subjection every nation without exception," Cambridge Ancient History IV, capitulo 3c, p. 170.

[7] Christopher Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (Princetoniae et Oxoniae: Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), 63.

[8] Vide R. A. Parker et W. H. Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 75 (1971).

[maxmallowan-9] Max Mallowan pp. 392 et 417.

[cyrus-EI-iii-religious-10] Dandamayev Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) religiosae Cyri rationes.

[cah-vol4-11] The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, p. 42. Vide etiam G. Buchaman Gray, "The foundation and extension of the Persian empire," caput I in The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV, ed. secunda (Cantabrigiae: The University Press, 1927), p. 15: "The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus."

[12] Jona Lendering (2012). "Messiah – Roots of the concept: From Josiah to Cyrus". livius.org .

[13] The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) (24 Augusti 2015). "Cyrus the Messiah". bib-arch.org .

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