Herbertus Spencer

Herbertus Spencer (Derbiae 27 Aprilis 1820—Brightoniae Sussexiae 8 Decembris 1903) fuit philosophus, biologus, anthropologus, et sociologus Anglicus, ac prominens theorista politica liberalis classicus aevi Victoriani.

Spencer excogitavit amplissumam notionem evolutionis ut progressus mundi physici, organismorum biologicorum, mentis humanae, et culturae humanae, et societatum humanarum. Qui "evolutionem studiose exposuit," et etiam "de evolutione ante Darwin scripserat."^[1] Polymathes permultas investigavit res, inter quas erant ethica, religio, anthropologia, oeconomica, ratio politica, philosophia, litterae, biologia, sociologia, et psychologia. Iam vivus auctoritatem miram habebat, praecipue in academia Anglicoloquente: "Solus philosophus Anglicus qui quasi talem popularitatem divulgatam habebat fuit Bertrandus Russell, et tum saeculo vicensimo."^[2]^[3] Spencer "unice praeclarissimus Europaeus ultimis decennis saeculi undevicensimi intellegens" fuit,^[4]^[5] sed eius gratia post 1900 acriter defecit: "Quis legit Spencer nunc?"^[6] rogavit Talcott Parsons anno 1937.^[7]

Innotuit Spencer locutione salus aptissimi,^[8]^[9] quam excogitavit et primum divulgavit in libro Principles of Biology (1864), postquam Caroli Darwin commentarios On the Origin of Species legerat.^[10]^[11] Hoc vocabulum selectionem naturalem valide significat, sed cum Spencer evolutionem in provincias sociologiae et ethicae extenderet, Lamarckismo etiam utebatur.^[1]

Fontes primarii

Chartae Herberti Spencer in Senate House Library Universitatis Londiniensis, archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk
Plurimi ex libris Spenceranis, editio interretialis:
"On The Proper Sphere of Government" (1842)
Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed (1851)
- "The Right to Ignore the State," capitulum 19 ex prima editione Social Statics
- Social Statics: Abridged and Revised (1892)
"A Theory of Population" (1852)
Principles of Psychology (1855), prima editio, in uno volumine impressa
Education (1861)
System of Synthetic Philosophy, in decem voluminibus
- First Principles, ISBN 0-89875-795-9 (1862)
- 'Principles of Biology (1864, 1867; retractata et amplificata: 1898), in duobus voluminibus
  - Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Biology; Pars II: The Inductions of Biology; Pars III: The Evolution of Life; Appendices
  - Volume II: Pars IV: Morphological Development; Pars V: Physiological Development; Pars VI: Laws of Multiplication; Appendices
- Principles of Psychology (1870, 1880), in duobus voluminibus
  - Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Psychology; Pars II: The Inductions of Psychology; Pars III: General Synthesis; Pars IV: Special Synthesis; Pars V: Physical Synthesis; Appendix
  - Volumen II: Pars VI: Special Analysis; Pars VII: General Analysis; Pars VIII: Congruities; Pars IX: Corollaries
- Principles of Sociology, in tribus voluminibus
  - Volumen I (1874–75; amplificatum 1876, 1885): Pars I: Data of Sociology; Pars II: Inductions of Sociology; Pars III: Domestic Institutions
  - Volumen II: Para IV: Ceremonial Institutions (1879); Para V: Political Institutions (1882); Para VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885)
  - Volumen III: Pars VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885); Pars VII: Professional Institutions (1896); Pars VIII: Industrial Institutions (1896); Referentiae
- The Principles of Ethics (1897), in duobus voluminibus
  - Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Ethics (1879); Pars II: The Inductions of Ethics (1892); Pars III: The Ethics of Individual Life (1892); Referentiae
  - Volumen II: Pars IV: The Ethics of Social Life: Justice (1891); Pars V: The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence (1892); Pars VI: The Ethics of Social Life: Positive Beneficence (1892); Appendices
The Study of Sociology (1873, 1896)
An Autobiography (1904), in duobus voluminibus
- Spencer, Herbert. 1904. An Autobiography. D. Appleton and Company
- v1 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
- v2 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
Descriptive Sociology; or Groups of Sociological Facts, parts 1–8, a Spencer classificata et ordinata, compilata et descripta a David Duncan, Richard Schepping, et James Collier (Londinii, Williams & Norgate, 1873–1881).

Congeries commentariorum

Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions (1864, 1883)
The Man versus the State (1884)
Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative (1891), in tribus voluminibus:
- Volumen I ("The Development Hypothesis," "Progress: Its Law and Cause," "The Factors of Organic Evolution," et alii commentarii)
- Volumen II ("The Classification of the Sciences", "The Philosophy of Style" (1852), "The Origin and Function of Music," "The Physiology of Laughter," et alii commentarii)
- Volumen III ("The Ethics of Kant," "State Tamperings With Money and Banks," "Specialized Administration," "From Freedom to Bondage," "The Americans," et alii commentarii)
Various Fragments (1897, amplificata 1900)
Facts and Comments (1902)

Iudicia philosophorum

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Riggenbach 2011.
↑ Anglice: "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell and that was in the 20th century."
↑ Richards 2010.
↑ Anglice: "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" (Eriksen et Nielsen 2001:37).
↑ "Spencer became the most famous philosopher of his time" (Tischler 2010:12).
↑ Anglice: "Who now reads Spencer?"
↑ Parsons 1968:3; attingens C. Crane Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Londinii: Benn, 1933).
↑ Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)
↑ Anglice: "survival of the fittest."
↑ "Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project .
↑ Maurice E. Stucke. "Better Competition Advocacy" (PDF)

Bibliographia

Carneiro, Robert L., et Perrin, Robert G. 2002. Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology: a Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal. Annals of Science 59(3):221–261.
Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
Elliot, Hugh. 1917. Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Constable and Company, Ltd.
Elwick, James. 2003. Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism. History of Science 41:35–72.
Elliott, Paul. 2003. Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture. Isis 94:1–29.
Eriksen, Thomas, et Finn Nielsen. 2001. A history of anthropology.
Francis, Mark. 2007. Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life. Novi Castelli: Acumen Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-4590-6.
Harris, Jose. 2004. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2004. Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term. Journal of Historical Sociology 17:428.
Hofstadter, Richard. 1944, 1992. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Bostoniae: Beacon Press.ISBN 0-8070-5503-4.
Kennedy, James Gettier. 1978. Herbert Spencer. Bostoniae: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6688-X.
Mandelbaum, Maurice. 1971. History, Man, and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-century Thought. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Offer, John, ed. 2000. Herbert Spencer: critical assessments. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18184-4 (vol. 1), 0415181852 (vol. 2), 0415181860 (vol. 3), 0415181879 (vol. 4), 0415181836 (omnia volumina in capsa)
Parsons, Talcott. 1937, 1968. The Structure of Social Action. Novi Eboraci: Free Press, 1968.
Perrin, Robert G. 1993. Herbert Spencer: a primary and secondary bibliography. Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-4597-1.
Rafferty, Edward C. The Right to the Use of the Earth: Herbert Spencer, the Washington Intellectual Community, and American Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century. PDF.
Richards, Peter. 2010. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinist or Libertarian Prophet? Mises Institute, 4 Novembris.
Richards, Robert J. 1987. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
Riggenbach, Jeff. 2011. "The Real William Graham Sumner." Mises Institute.
Smith, George H. 2008. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). In The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, ed. Ronald Hamowy, 483–485. Thousand Oaks Californiae: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024.
Stewart, Iain. 2011. Commandeering Time: The Ideological Status of Time in the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer. Australian Journal of Politics and History 57:389.
Taylor, Michael W. 1992. Men versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, Michael W. 2007. The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Continuum.
Tischler, Henry L. 2010. Introduction to Sociology.
Turner, Jonathan H. 1985. Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-8039-2426-7.
Versen, Christopher R. 2006. Optimistic Liberals: Herbert Spencer, the Brooklyn Ethical Association, and the Integration of Moral Philosophy and Evolution in the Victorian Trans-Atlantic Community. Florida State University.

Opera Spenceriana

Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
Spencer, Herbert. 1993. Spencer: Political Writings, ed. John Offer. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.
Spencer, Herbert. Social Statics: The Man Versus the State
Spencer, Herbert. The Study of Sociology. Editio interretialis.
Spencer, Herbert. The Principles of Psychology. Editio interretialis.
Spencer, Herbert. 1896. Social Statics, Abridged and Revised: Together with the Man Versus the State. Editio interretialis.
Spencer, Herbert. 1891. Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. Editio interretialis.
Spencer, Herbert. 1905. An Autobiography. 2 vol. Editio interretialis.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Herbertum Spencer spectant.

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Herbertus Spencer spectant.

Sweet, William. Herbert Spencer. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Materiae de Herberto Spencer. www.bolenderinitiatives.com

Fontes

Opera auctore "Herbert Spencer" apud gutenberg.org reperta
Opera Herberty Spencer, oll.libertyfund.org (Online Library of Liberty)
On Moral Education, mises.org, in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought impressus (vere 1966)
First principles, etext.lib.virginia.edu (Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library)
First Principles, praxeology.net
"The Right to Ignore the State," www.constitution.org

[Riggenbach-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Riggenbach 2011.

[2] Anglice: "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell and that was in the 20th century."

[Richards-3] Richards 2010.

[4] Anglice: "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" (Eriksen et Nielsen 2001:37).

[5] "Spencer became the most famous philosopher of his time" (Tischler 2010:12).

[6] Anglice: "Who now reads Spencer?"

[7] Parsons 1968:3; attingens C. Crane Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Londinii: Benn, 1933).

[fons-nominis-desideratus-8] Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)

[9] Anglice: "survival of the fittest."

[10] "Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project .

[11] Maurice E. Stucke. "Better Competition Advocacy" (PDF)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]