Neurogenesis

Neurogenesis in hominibus est cerebro humano evolvente actio creandi neuronorum ex cellulis praecursoriis neuralibus^[2], quae ipsae sunt potentes generandi alias cellulas neurales praecursorias ut cellulas praecursorias neuroepithelias et cellulas gliales radiales et progenitores basales et astrocytos zonarum subventricularium subgranulariumque^[3]. Neurogenesis maxime est in embryogenesi, etenim minus post adulescentiam. Factores geneticae significanti itineri NOTCH cellulas dividi imperant. Inter neurogenesem et praenatalem et postnatalem^[4] et adultam^[5] dividendum est.

Perturbationes neurogenesis et mortem embryonis et morbos omnium aetatum perficiant, per exemplum formae singulares schizophreniae vel autismi.

Neuronorum machinationes generandi communes

Neurogenesis virtutum non machinatio singularis activa sed multa organa adoptantur, non temporis vestigium singulare sed multi ordines conveniunt. At neurogenesis machinatio non solum generationem cellularum neuralium singularium describit, sed etiam peregrinationem cellularum iuvenilium intra cerebrum atque creationem interactiones inter diversis neuronis ad unitatem functionum generandum. Pro eo nonnulla segmenta in quibus multae cellulae generantur, crescent et etiam in parte praemoriuntur (mors cellulae programmata), necesse sunt. Pondus machinationum inter neurogenesem praenatalem et postnatalem et adultam graviter differunt. Etiam in adultis senibusque neurogenesis observatur.

Contextus embryogenesis communis

Post gastrulationem, in hominibus circiter die undevicesima, cum initio neurulationis oritur tuba neuralis, quae progenitor systematis nervosi, cerebri enim ac medullae spinalis, videtur^[6]. Prima aperta, tuba neuralis die duodetricesimo clausura est. Deinde demum "regionalisatio", quod est migratio cellularum neuralium magna coepit. Partes tubae neuralis et rostralis (anterior) in cerebrum et pars caudalis (posterior) in medullam spinalem transfigurantur.


Embryo die vicesimo post conceptionem. Dextra tuba neuralis, supra cum cerebri initiis (Hind-brain, Mid-brain, Fore-brain).	Neurulatio cum cristae neuralis formatione. Ex tuba neurali neurones systematis nervosum centralis oriuntur. Imago cellulas neurales quoque inter epidermem et tubam neuralem congregavisse monstrat. Hae cellulae cristae neuralis vocantur.

De hebdomade decima ad vicesimam genesis cellularum, quod sensu stricto neurogenesis dicitur, florescit: Praecipue cellulae tubae neuralis gravissime amplificant, de hoc adeo neuronos systematis centralis et imprimis cellulas gliales, quae sunt crebriores, formantes. Ex tubae neuralis cavitate, in neurulatione formata, formantur cerebrales ventriculi (ventriculi laterales, tertius et quartus) velut medulla spinalis futura. Ex regionibus circum ventriculos migratio cellularum et progenitorum constructionis corticum cerebralium evatur^[7].

In corticum cerebri extruendo proliferationum migrationumque zonae ventriculares et subventriculares momentum maximum habent^[8].

Neurogenesis postnatalis

Inter neurogenesem et praenatalem et adultam perspiciatur neurogenesis postnatalis. Cum in embryogenese neurogenesis praenatalis architectura systematis nervosi imposita esset^[9], nunc implicatio nervorum in modum constituendi maiorem contextuum functionum instituitur, idcirco hoc ipso tempore numerus synapsium chemicarum maxime multiplicantur. At non solum generatio, sed etiam redhibitio et exstinctio synapsium, putatio^[10] nominatur, maximum momentum habet.

Neurogenesis in senectute

Neurogenesis vel in senectute, communiter quoque in prasentia morbi neurodegenerativi, non subsistit.

In morbis neurodegenerativis et post apoplexiam vel vulnum cerebri traumaticum neurogenesis continuat^[11].

Perturbationes neurogenesis

Iam praenatali neurogenesis inhibitione graves effectus descripti sunt. Mirum non est consumptionem alcoholis maternam^[12] sive tabaci^[13] vel modum vivendi inquies fenestram structura cerebri mutata dare posse^[14].

Notae

↑ Popp A, Urbach A, Witte OW, Frahm C (2009). "Adult and Embryonic GAD Transcripts Are Spatiotemporally Regulated during Postnatal Development in the Rat Brain". PLoS ONE 4: e4371
↑ Bergström T, Forsberg-Nilsson K (2012). "Neural stem cells: Brain building blocks and beyond". Uppsala J Med Sci: 132-42
↑ Lui JH, Hansen DV, Kriegstein AR (2011). "Development and Evolution of the Human Neocortex". Cell 146: 18-36
↑ Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Hoshikawa K, Goldman JE, Sekino Y, Sato K (2014). "Microglia Enhance Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis in the Early Postnatal Subventricular Zone". J Neurosci 34: 2231-43
↑ Aimone JB, Li Y, Lee SW, Clemenson GD, Deng W, Gage FH (2014). "Regulation and Function of Adult Neurogenesis: From Genes to Cognition". Physiol Rev 94: 991-1026
↑ Uygur A, Young J, Huycke TR, Koska M, Briscoe J, Tabin CJ (2016). "Scaling Pattern to Variations in Size during Development of the Vertebrate Neural Tube". Dev Cell 37: 127-35
↑ Fernández V, Llinares‐Benadero C, Borrell V (2016). "Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: what have we learned?". EMBO J 35: 1021-44
↑ Pilz GA, Shitamukai A, Reillo I, Pacary E, Schwausch J, Stahl R, Ninkovic J, Snippert HJ, Clevers H, Godinho L, Guillemot F, Borrell V, Matsuzaki F, Götz M (2013). "Amplification of progenitors in the mammalian telencephalon includes a new radial glial cell type". Nat Commun 4: 2125
↑ Asrican B, Paez-Gonzalez P, Erb J, Kuo CT (2016). "Cholinergic circuit control of postnatal neurogenesis". Neurogenesis (Austin) 3: e1127310
↑ Anglice: pruning
↑ Cheyuo C., Aziz M., Wang P. (Ian 2019). "Neurogenesis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of MFG-E8". Frontiers in neuroscience 13: 569
↑ Tyler CR, Allan AM (2014). "Prenatal alcohol exposure alters expression of neurogenesis-related genes in an ex vivo cell culture model". Alcohol 48: 483-92
↑ Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF (2013). "Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Stimulates Neurogenesis of Orexigenic Peptide-Expressing Neurons in Hypothalamus and Amygdala". J Neurosci 33: 13600-11
↑ French SS, Chester EM, Demas GE (2013). "Maternal immune activation affects litter success, size and neuroendocrine responses related to behavior in adult offspring". Physiol Behav 119: 175-84

Nexus interni

[1] Popp A, Urbach A, Witte OW, Frahm C (2009). "Adult and Embryonic GAD Transcripts Are Spatiotemporally Regulated during Postnatal Development in the Rat Brain". PLoS ONE 4: e4371

[2] Bergström T, Forsberg-Nilsson K (2012). "Neural stem cells: Brain building blocks and beyond". Uppsala J Med Sci: 132-42

[3] Lui JH, Hansen DV, Kriegstein AR (2011). "Development and Evolution of the Human Neocortex". Cell 146: 18-36

[4] Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Hoshikawa K, Goldman JE, Sekino Y, Sato K (2014). "Microglia Enhance Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis in the Early Postnatal Subventricular Zone". J Neurosci 34: 2231-43

[5] Aimone JB, Li Y, Lee SW, Clemenson GD, Deng W, Gage FH (2014). "Regulation and Function of Adult Neurogenesis: From Genes to Cognition". Physiol Rev 94: 991-1026

[6] Uygur A, Young J, Huycke TR, Koska M, Briscoe J, Tabin CJ (2016). "Scaling Pattern to Variations in Size during Development of the Vertebrate Neural Tube". Dev Cell 37: 127-35

[7] Fernández V, Llinares‐Benadero C, Borrell V (2016). "Cerebral cortex expansion and folding: what have we learned?". EMBO J 35: 1021-44

[8] Pilz GA, Shitamukai A, Reillo I, Pacary E, Schwausch J, Stahl R, Ninkovic J, Snippert HJ, Clevers H, Godinho L, Guillemot F, Borrell V, Matsuzaki F, Götz M (2013). "Amplification of progenitors in the mammalian telencephalon includes a new radial glial cell type". Nat Commun 4: 2125

[9] Asrican B, Paez-Gonzalez P, Erb J, Kuo CT (2016). "Cholinergic circuit control of postnatal neurogenesis". Neurogenesis (Austin) 3: e1127310

[10] Anglice: pruning

[11] Cheyuo C., Aziz M., Wang P. (Ian 2019). "Neurogenesis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of MFG-E8". Frontiers in neuroscience 13: 569

[12] Tyler CR, Allan AM (2014). "Prenatal alcohol exposure alters expression of neurogenesis-related genes in an ex vivo cell culture model". Alcohol 48: 483-92

[13] Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF (2013). "Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Stimulates Neurogenesis of Orexigenic Peptide-Expressing Neurons in Hypothalamus and Amygdala". J Neurosci 33: 13600-11

[14] French SS, Chester EM, Demas GE (2013). "Maternal immune activation affects litter success, size and neuroendocrine responses related to behavior in adult offspring". Physiol Behav 119: 175-84

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