Agricultura biodynamica

Agricultura biodynamica est ratio agriculturae organicae primum a Rudolpho Steiner excogitata, rebus utens quas proponentes holisticum rationum rusticarum intellectum appellant^[1]^[2] Unus ex primis motibus agriculturae quae sustineri potest,^[3]^[4]^[5] fertilitatem soli, auctum plantarum, et tutelam pecoris ut opera per oecologiam coniuncta tractat,^[6]^[7]^[8] conspectus spirituales et mysticos vehementius dicens. Proponentes agriculturae biodynamicae, inter quos Steiner, eam appellaverunt scientiam incorpoream, partem maioris motus anthroposophiae.^[9]^[10]

Biodynamica multum communiter cum aliis doctrinis organicis habet: usum stercorum et compositorum exprimit, usumque substantiarum chemicarum artificiosorum in solo et plantis vetat. Inter rationes in doctrina biodynamica unicas sunt tractatio animalium, plantarum, et soli ut systema unum; fides productioni loci et systematibus distributionis; usus translaticorum et evolutio novorum generum et varietatum loci; et usus calendarii astrologici pro satione et plantatione. Agricultura biodynamica variis additamentis herbaceis et mineralibus pro addiectionibus compositi et asperginibus agrorum utitur; quae aliquando per rationes controversas parantur, sicut inhumatio quarzi contusi in cornu bovis farti, ratio quae "vires cosmicas in solo" legere dictur, tam magiae sympatheticae quam agronomiae similius.

Anno 2011, artes biodynamicae ad 142 482 hectariorum in 47 civitatibus adhibebantur. Germania 45 centesimas summae per orbem terrarum tenebat;^[11] reliquum 1750 hectariorum per civitatem peraequabat. Nonnullae vineae notabiles biodynamicas vitium cultorum rationes sibi sumpserunt.^[12] Sunt agenturae testificationis pro operibus biodynamicis, quarum plurimae sunt sodales Demetris Internationalis, gregis internationalis normarum biodynamicarum.

Nulla differentia in eventibus commodis ratione probata est inter affirmatas agriculturae biodynamicae artes et agriculturam organicam (similem) et usum agriculturae integratae. Reprehensores agriculturam biodynamicam scientiam falsam aestimaverunt ob inopiam indiciorum validorum eius efficacitatis et scepticismum rerum tantum cogitatio magica reprehensarum.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ Anglice: "a holistic understanding of agricultural processes."
↑ OrgAg2:145.
↑ Paull, John (2011) "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(1):27–41.
↑ D. W. Lotter, 2003."Organic agriculture" in Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4).
↑ Richard Harwood, olim C. S. Mott Chair for Sustainable Agriculture in Universitate Civica Michiganiae, motum biodynamicum appellat "first organized and well-defined movement of growers and philosophies [in sustainable agriculture] (Harwood 1990:6).
↑ OrgAg.
↑ Ikerd, John (2010). "Sustainability, Rural". In Leslie A. Duram. Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO. pp. 347–349. ISBN 0313359636 .
↑ Abbott, L. K.; Murphy, Daniel V. (2007). Soil Biological Fertility: A Key to Sustainable Land Use in Agriculture. Springer. p. 233. ISBN 140206618X .
↑ OrgAg2.
↑ Paull, John (2011) "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(1):27–41.
↑ John Paull, "Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture," Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 1(4):144–150 (Maio 2011).
↑ Reeve et al. 2005.
↑ Jamie Goode, The Science of Wine: From Vine to Glass (University of California Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7).
↑ Linda Chalker-Scott (2004), "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture," Master Gardener Magazine.
↑ D. Smith (2006), "On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics," The World of Fine Wine, 12:108–113.
↑ Holger Kirchmann (1994), "Biological dynamic farming--an occult form of alternative agriculture?" Journal of Agricural Environmental Ethics 7(2):173–187; doi:10.1007/BF02349036.

Bibliographia

Biodynamic Agricultural Association (n.d.). "How does the Calendar work?". Biodynamic Frequently Asked Questions. The Biodynamic Agricultural Association (UK)
Burkitt, L. L., D. R. Small, J. W. McDonald, W. J. Wales, et M. L. Jenkin. 2007. Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 1. Soil and pasture properties. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47(5):479–488. doi:10.1071/EA05196. OCLC 12490171.
Burkitt, L. L., W. J. Wales, J. W. McDonald, D. R. Small, et M. L. Jenkin, 2007. Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 2. Milk production and composition and animal health. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47(5) 489–494. doi:10.1071/EA06085. OCLC 12490171.
Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne, John P. Reganold, et Ann C. Kennedy. 2000a. Effects of Biodynamic Preparations on Compost Development. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 17:313–328. ISSN 0144-8765. doi:10.1080/01448765.2000.9754852.PDF.
Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne, John P. Reganold, et Ann C. Kennedy. 2000b. Biodynamic preparations: Short-term effects on crops, soils, and weed populations. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15(3):110–118. ISSN 0889-1893. doi:10.1017/S0889189300008614. Situs.

Carpenter-Boggs, Lynne; Ann C. Kennedy; John P. Reganold (1 September 2000). "Organic and Biodynamic Management: Effects on Soil Biology". Soil Science Society of America Journal (Soil Science Society of America) 64 (5): 1651–1659
Chalker-Scott, Linda (2004). "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture" (PDF). Horticultural Myths. Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center
Diver, Steve (1999). "Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation (ATTRA Publication #IP137)". ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service

Harwood, Richard R. 1990. A History of Sustainable Agriculture. In Sustainable Agricultural Systems, ed. Clive A. Edwards, Rattan Lal, Patrick Madden, Robert H. Miller, et Gar House, 3–19. Ankeny Iovae: Soil and Water Conservation Society. ISBN 0-935734-21-X. OCLC 20933949.
Kirchmann, Holger. 1994. Biological dynamic farming: An occult form of alternative agriculture? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7(2): 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF02349036. OCLC 41569500.
Koepf, Herbert. 2009. Research in Biodynamic Agriculture: Methods and Results. Biodynamic Farm and Gardening Association. ISBN 0-938250-34-5.
Koepf, Herbert, et Bodo von Plato. 2001. Die biologisch-dynamische Wirtschaftsweise im 20. Jahrhundert. Dornach.

Kristiansen, Paul (2006). "Overview of organic agriculture". In Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji and John Reganold (eds.) (PDF). Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective (online sample reprint ed.). Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1–23. ISBN 9780643090903

Martinez, A. W. 1952. The City With Golden Garbage. Collier's Weekly, 31 Maii. OCLC 8755061.
Nastati, Enzo. 2010. Commentary on Dr Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course. MM Publications.
Paull, John. 2011. Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924. European Journal of Social Sciences 21(1):64-70.
Paull, John. 2011. Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938. Journal of Organic Systems 6(1):27-41.
Paull, John. 2011. Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture. Journal of Social and Development Sciences 1(4):144-150.
Paull, John. 2011. The Secrets of Koberwitz: The Diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the Founding of Biodynamic Agriculture. Journal of Social Research and Policy 2(1):19-29.
Pfeiffer, Ehrenfried. 1938, 2006. Soil Fertility, Renewal and Preservation: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. Dellii: Asiatic Publishing House. ISBN 81-87067-73-X.
Reeve, Jennifer R., Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, John P. Reganold, Alan L. York, Glenn McGourty, et Leo P. McCloskey. 2005. Soil and Winegrape Quality in Biodynamically and Organically Managed Vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 56(4): 367–376. ISSN 0002-9254. OCLC 60652537. Abstractum.
Reganold, John P., Alan S. Palmer, James C. Lockhart, et A. Neil Macgregor. 1993. Soil Quality and Financial Performance of Biodynamic and Conventional Farms in New Zealand. Science 260(5106):344–349. doi:10.1126/science.260.5106.344.
Schilthuis, Willy. 2003. Biodynamic Agriculture. Floris Books. ISBN 0-86315-397-6.
Storl, Wolf D. 2013. Culture and Horticulture: The Classic Guide to Biodynamic and Organic Gardening. Berkeleiae: North Atlantic Bookd. ISBN 978-1-58394-550-6.
Treue, Peter. 2002. Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - Die Gegenwart, 62(12), 13 Martii.

Nexus externi

"Biodynamic agriculture shows steady global growth,"^{[nexus deficit]} oneco.biofach.de
Divisio de biodynamica in Archivo Rudolphi Steiner, www.rsarchive.org
"The methods behind biodynamic bounty," Telegraph, 11 Iulii 2008

[1] Anglice: "a holistic understanding of agricultural processes."

[2] OrgAg2:145.

[3] Paull, John (2011) "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(1):27–41.

[Lotter-4] D. W. Lotter, 2003."Organic agriculture" in Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21(4).

[5] Richard Harwood, olim C. S. Mott Chair for Sustainable Agriculture in Universitate Civica Michiganiae, motum biodynamicum appellat "first organized and well-defined movement of growers and philosophies [in sustainable agriculture] (Harwood 1990:6).

[6] OrgAg.

[Duram2010-7] Ikerd, John (2010). "Sustainability, Rural". In Leslie A. Duram. Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO. pp. 347–349. ISBN 0313359636 .

[8] Abbott, L. K.; Murphy, Daniel V. (2007). Soil Biological Fertility: A Key to Sustainable Land Use in Agriculture. Springer. p. 233. ISBN 140206618X .

[9] OrgAg2.

[Paull2011-10] Paull, John (2011) "Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(1):27–41.

[11] John Paull, "Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture," Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 1(4):144–150 (Maio 2011).

[12] Reeve et al. 2005.

[13] Jamie Goode, The Science of Wine: From Vine to Glass (University of California Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-520-24800-7).

[Chalker-14] Linda Chalker-Scott (2004), "The Myth of Biodynamic Agriculture," Master Gardener Magazine.

[15] D. Smith (2006), "On Fertile Ground? Objections to Biodynamics," The World of Fine Wine, 12:108–113.

[16] Holger Kirchmann (1994), "Biological dynamic farming--an occult form of alternative agriculture?" Journal of Agricural Environmental Ethics 7(2):173–187; doi:10.1007/BF02349036.

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