Demagogus

Demagogus (Graece δημαγωγός, Francice démagogue e Graeco demos 'populus, vulgus' et agôgê 'gubernatio'), vel plebicola^[1] vel publicola,^[2] est dux civilis in democratia qui animi motus, timores, praeiudicatas opiniones, et ignorantiam inferiorum classium socioeconomicarum provocat ut potestatem capiat et propositis civilibus faveat. Demagogi ad discrimen civitatis tractandum deliberationi plerumque adversantur et actionem proximam et aliquando violentam suadent; adversarios moderatos et providos infirmos vel etiam debiles appellant. Demagogi iam antiquae democratiae Atheniensi perniciei fuisse habebantur. Praecipua enim infirmitate democratiae abutuntur: quia populis est potestas ultima, nihil prohibet ne populi hanc tradant potestatem homini qui improbissimos allicit.

In Graecia antiqua

Athenis demagogi populum adsentationibus et malis consiliis multum laesisse putabantur. Ita Aristoteles^[3] demagogiam nasci existimabat quotienscumque lex regnare desierat atque multitudo spretis legibus ad libitum omnia decretis regebat. Demagogos eodem modo populo famulari ad eum decipiendum scribebat atque adsentatores tyranno^[4]. Quocirca democratiam inter depravatas constitutiones ponebat^[5]. Quod idem priore saeculo in Equitibus suis iam ostenderat poeta Aristophanes cum dominum Demum (hoc est 'Populum') et eius servum Cleonem in scaenam induxit. Nam populus cum imperare superbus sibi videtur revera demagogis morem gerit qui multitudinis domini fiunt dum verbis blandis eam ad suam voluntatem rapiunt. Itaque Aristoteles memorabat antiquitus demagogos (populi duces) tyrannos fieri solitos quia exercitus simul ducebant, suo vero tempore oratores plerumque esse^[6] qui populum excitant.

Exemplum saeculi vicensimi: Iosephus McCarthy

Iosephus McCarthy^[7]^[8]^[9] fuit Senator Civitatum Foederatarum ex civitate Visconsinia ab 1947 ad mortem, anno 1957. Quamquam orator debilis,^[10]^[11] innotuit in Civitatibus Foederatis annis 1950 ineuntibus, aetate ex eo Aetas McCarthyana aliquando appellata, cum neglegenter et ferociter pronuntiaret locos altos in republica et militia Civitatum Foederatarum communistis infestos^[12] fuisse,^[13] secundum Terrorem Rubrum augens. Ad ultimum, ab Eduardo R. Murrow aliisque fortibus scriptoribus actorum et politicis provocatus, quia documenta eius affirmationum dare non potuit, notatus est a Senatu anno 1954, et gratiam etiam apud homines inscitos mox amisit.^[14]

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ Etiam plebis dux. D. P.Simpson, Cassell's Latin Dictionary (Novi Eboraci: Wiley Publishing, 1968), 689.
↑ John C. Traupman, Latin and English Dictionary, ed. 3a. (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, Random House, 2007), 513. Etiam concionator (Ainsworth's).
↑ Politica IV.4.25-29 et V.5-6.
↑ Ibid. V.11.12ː ἔστι γὰρ ὁ δημαγωγὸς τοῦ δήμου κόλαξ, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς τυράννοις οἱ ταπεινῶς ὁμιλοῦντες, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἔργον κολακείας
↑ Ibidem III.5-6.
↑ Politica V.5.6-8.
↑ Rovere 1996.
↑ "Joe McCarthy may have been the most destructive demagogue in American history" (Wicker 2006:5). "McCarthy's Senate colleagues voted sixty-seven to twenty-two to censure him for his reckless accusations and fabrications" (Wicker 2006: tegmen posterius).
↑ "Joe McCarthy was a demagogue, but never a real leader of the people" (Johnson 2006:193). "McCarthy represented what Richard Hofstadter called 'the paranoid style of American politics'" (Johnson 2006:193–194). "While he never approached the importance of a Hitler or a Stalin, McCarthy resembled those demagogic dictators by also employing the techniques of the Big Lie" (Johnson 2006:194).
↑ "What Qualifies as Demagoguery?" (History News Network).
↑ "Unlike most demagogues, McCarthy did not give stem-winding, highly emotional speeches. Rather, he spoke in a monotone, even as he made his most outrageous charges. The delivery lent credence to his accusations, in that they seemed to be unemotional and therefore 'factual'" (Mayer 2007).
↑ Anglice infested (verbum McCarthyanum).
↑ Barrett 1991:108.
↑ Wicker 2006.

Bibliographia

Barrett, Harold. 1991. Rhetoric and Civility: Human Development, Narcissism, and the Good Audience. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0483-8. Google, p. 108.
Ceaser, James W. 2011. Demagoguery, Statesmanship, and Presidential Politics. In Designing a Polity: America's Constitution in Theory and Practice, 75–118. Lanham Terrae Mariae: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 1-4422-0790-6. Google, p. 90.
Garber, Megan. 2015. What We Talk About When We Talk About ‘Demagogues’. The Atlantic, 10 Decembris.
Johnson, Haynes. 2006. The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-603039-X.
Kobi, Silvia. 1995. "Entre pédagogie politique et démagogie populiste", Mots. Les langages du politiqueː 33-50
Mayer, Michael. 2007. The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing.
Ostwald, Martin. 1989. From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06798-3. Pagina 201.
Rovere, Richard. 1959, 1996. Senator Joe McCarthy. Methuen Books (1959). Reimpressus University of California Press (1996). ISBN 0-520-20472-7.
Signer, Michael. 2009. Demagogue: The Fight to Save Democracy from Its Worst Enemies. Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-60624-5. Pagina 32.
Tabaki, Frederiki . 1999. "La démagogie grecque", Mots. Les langages du politiqueː 122-124
Wicker, Tom. 2006. Shooting Star: The Brief Arc of Joe McCarthy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-101082-X.

Nexus externi

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Iosephum McCarthy spectant.

[1] Etiam plebis dux. D. P.Simpson, Cassell's Latin Dictionary (Novi Eboraci: Wiley Publishing, 1968), 689.

[2] John C. Traupman, Latin and English Dictionary, ed. 3a. (Novi Eboraci: Bantam Books, Random House, 2007), 513. Etiam concionator (Ainsworth's).

[3] Politica IV.4.25-29 et V.5-6.

[4] Ibid. V.11.12ː ἔστι γὰρ ὁ δημαγωγὸς τοῦ δήμου κόλαξ, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς τυράννοις οἱ ταπεινῶς ὁμιλοῦντες, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἔργον κολακείας

[5] Ibidem III.5-6.

[6] Politica V.5.6-8.

[7] Rovere 1996.

[8] "Joe McCarthy may have been the most destructive demagogue in American history" (Wicker 2006:5). "McCarthy's Senate colleagues voted sixty-seven to twenty-two to censure him for his reckless accusations and fabrications" (Wicker 2006: tegmen posterius).

[9] "Joe McCarthy was a demagogue, but never a real leader of the people" (Johnson 2006:193). "McCarthy represented what Richard Hofstadter called 'the paranoid style of American politics'" (Johnson 2006:193–194). "While he never approached the importance of a Hitler or a Stalin, McCarthy resembled those demagogic dictators by also employing the techniques of the Big Lie" (Johnson 2006:194).

[10] "What Qualifies as Demagoguery?" (History News Network).

[11] "Unlike most demagogues, McCarthy did not give stem-winding, highly emotional speeches. Rather, he spoke in a monotone, even as he made his most outrageous charges. The delivery lent credence to his accusations, in that they seemed to be unemotional and therefore 'factual'" (Mayer 2007).

[12] Anglice infested (verbum McCarthyanum).

[13] Barrett 1991:108.

[14] Wicker 2006.

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